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Low power semiconductor lasers often use TEC chips for temperature control, among which, there are several kinds of mature applications for temperature controller of working voltage of 5V and working current less than 4A. For bigger voltage and current, a unique control system needs to be designed. A temperature control system based on AVR single chip microcomputer ATmega128 is designed, which is suitable for high power TEC chip. The main technical specifications include: the working voltage range of TEC chip is 6-24V, the peak current is up to 20A, the temperature control range is 0-70 ℃, and the temperature control accuracy is ± 0.05 ℃. A negative temperature coefficient thermistor is used to collect the temperature, and the voltage containing the temperature information is converted into a digital value and then sent to the single chip microcomputer. According to the calculation result of position type PID control algorithm, the microcomputer outputs the control signals, which drive the H-bridge circuit composed of two BTN7971B, and the H-bridge output voltage is provided to the TEC chip. The realization methods of hardware and software are analyzed in detail, and the temperature control accuracy and system reliability are emphasized in design. After practical tests, the technical specifications can be achieved, and the temperature control requirements of higher power semiconductor laser are met.